(Dr. Iulia Mihai, DVM) The magic ingredient in catnip, nepetalactone, triggers an adorable effect (euphoria) in many felines. About two-thirds of cats react to it, but the intensity varies among individuals. Some cat may respond by rolling around in the plant, while others may barely notice it. The reaction can also change with age. Therefore, in kittens, because their olfactory systems are still developing, catnip may not have the same effect as in adult cats.

The good news is that catnip is considered safe and it’s not dangerous to other pets.

There are many catnip toys available, including some that are rechargeable. The effect of catnip fades over time. It’s a good idea to rotate your pet’s toys. If you’re using loose catnip, you can sprinkle it in your cat’s favorite spots or place it in a clean sock to create a DIY toy. 

In this article, you will learn what catnip is, what effects it has on cats, whether cats can become intoxicated, why some cats do not react to catnip, and much more.

What Catnip Really Is?

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a plant in the mint family. This plant has spread from Asia and Europe to almost all parts of the world. You will often see it growing wild on the side of the roads or in gardens. It is a hardy plant and easily recognized by its fresh scent.

The name “catnip” comes from its effect on adult cats. About 50-70% of felines react strongly to the plant’s aroma, and the reaction is genetically influenced (by a dominant gene). Genetic predisposition determines whether a cat's olfactory system can detect nepetalactone. Detecting the substance triggers areas of the brain that respond similarly to feline pheromones. This leads to gestures such as rolling or rubbing. Additionally, very young kittens, between three and six months old, usually do not yet react, even if they have this trait, because their olfactory system is still developing. 

Sensitive cats can become playful, energetic, or even euphoric, and this “magic” sometimes works on big cats too. On the other hand, rodents tend to stay away from its scent.

How Catnip Affects a Cat’s Brain and Body

Nepetalactone, the active ingredient in catnip, is responsible for cats’ quirky reactions. This substance is found in tiny microscopic bulbs on the leaves, stems, and capsules, and is released when the plant is broken, chewed, or rubbed.

When a cat smells the plant, nepetalactone enters their nostrils. It binds to the olfactory receptors, instantly sending signals to the brain. One thing you may not know about cats is that they have an extra organ for smell, located on the roof of their mouth (which is called the vomeronasal organ or Jacobson's organ). This extra olfactory organ helps to quickly transmit odors picked up by their nose and mouth to the brain. Therefore, felines are very sensitive to odors, which is why catnip can have a powerful effect on them. 

Why Do Cats Love Catnip So Much?

There is no exact reason why cats love catnip so much. Researchers believe that the cat’s brain perceives nepetalactone as a type of feline pheromone, which can trigger playful, seemingly chaotic behavior, but also a good, relaxed mood. 

Catnip acts as a natural happiness booster, which explains why so many cats are fascinated by this plant.

Is My Cat Intoxicated? Understanding the Behavior 

It’s easy to wonder if your cat is “intoxicated” when you see them playing or smelling catnip. Most reactions a cat will have to catnip are completely normal and harmless. Nepetalactone causes temporary euphoria and relaxation. The substance triggers pheromone-like sensations in your cat’s brain. As mentioned earlier, cats perceive this substance as a type of feline pheromone (sex pheromones of cats). Therefore, their behaviors can resemble those of a female in heat. You can notice behaviors like purring, rubbing against objects, meowing, or even small episodes of hyperactivity. Interestingly, the cat's reaction is not always predictable. Some cats become extremely affectionate, others enter a state of deep relaxation, while certain cats can become energetic or even slightly aggressive. The reactions are short-lived, usually 5-15 minutes, after which they disappear on their own, with no negative or side effects.

When you are not sure whether your cat is just euphoric and not intoxicated, remember that there is a difference between the two. This difference lies in how your cat behaves and their state after exposure to catnip.

• Euphoria is characterized by playfulness, relaxation, and curiosity. Typical behaviors in cats include rolling around, rubbing against toys or furniture, twisting, or even short, playful runs. Your cat will quickly return to normal (5-15 minutes). 

• Intoxication would involve symptoms such as frequent or repeated vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, confusion, extreme lethargy, tremors, unusual drowsiness, or loss of balance. Such signs indicate a severe medical problem and a visit to the vet is mandatory.

Why Some Cats Don’t React & Is Catnip Safe? 

Yes, catnip is safe for cats, as the plant is non-toxic to them. Using catnip in small amounts and in moderation is essential for your cat’s safety and well-being. Why? Because overexposure can lead to desensitization, reducing the effectiveness of the plant over time.

When introducing catnip, start with a small amount: a fingertip of dried catnip on a toy or scratching post is usually enough. Limit their use to once or twice a week.

Safety tips:

• Never force your cat if they are not interested.

• Do not use catnip as a substitute for play, exercise, or affection.

• Always supervise your cat when introducing catnip or new toys.

• If you have multiple cats, consider each cat’s sensitivity.

• Most kittens only become sensitive to catnip after about six months; offer them a small amount and see how they react.

If your cat is indifferent to catnip, don't be alarmed, especially if they are a kitten or a senior. In kittens, the sense of smell is not yet fully developed. In older cats, it is likely that their sense of smell has been reduced. In addition, 30-50% of cats do not respond to catnip, regardless of age; this is due to genetics. Reactions to catnip are hereditary, meaning that some cats are genetically "programmed" to respond to catnip, while others are not. Sensitivity to nepetalactone is inherited through an autosomal dominant gene and is therefore a genetic trait. Researchers have observed that female kittens and older cats are less likely to be affected.

Bottom Line

Catnip, or Nepeta cataria, is a plant in the mint family. It is attractive not only to domestic cats, but also to big cats such as lions, tigers, and panthers. Its secret lies in a volatile oil called nepetalactone, present in the leaves and stems of the plant. This substance reaches the cat’s brain through a special organ called the vomeronasal organ, which is located in the roof of the mouth. Once inhaled, nepetalactone triggers behaviors that range from energetic play, rolling, and rubbing to complete relaxation. Catnip is totally safe for cats. Its effects last for 5-15 minutes. There are no side effects. Use catnip once or twice per week – overexposure can lead to desensitization.

Iuliana graduated from the University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in 2012, Romania. She has a Master’s degree in Small Animal and Equines Pathology and a strong affinity for Veterinary Parasitology and Laboratory. In 2013 she started her Ph.D. in epithelial cancer in dogs and cats. She volunteered at the faculty’s clinic in her 3rd year of study, and continued her career in small animal pathology and laboratory. She has one cat and eleven rats. Her interests outside of work include traveling, writing, and crafting.